International Association of Educators   |  ISSN: 1949-4270   |  e-ISSN: 1949-4289

Original article | Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research 2023, Vol. 18(4) 82-101

A New Chapter is Being Written About Writing Instruction: Instructional Leadership at K-12 Levels in The Age of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Pınar Ayyıldız & Adem Yılmaz

pp. 82 - 101   |  DOI: https://doi.org/10.29329/epasr.2023.631.4   |  Manu. Number: MANU-2307-24-0008

Published online: December 30, 2023  |   Number of Views: 90  |  Number of Download: 66


Abstract

In this study, in which artificial intelligence applications are examined at the K-12 level, the discussions are multi-dimensional. The use of artificial intelligence applications at the K-12 level, and especially the integrated use of online writing tools into the writing lessons, has led to the occurrence of plagiarism from time to time. In the first place, the fact that artificial intelligence applications create the feeling of being able to think like a human causes student to fully trust this software. What is more, when the subject is approached in terms of educational leadership, teachers' transfer of experience and high level of interaction during teaching and learning decreases. Because artificial intelligence applications individualize the education process and allow students to work more independently from the teacher and from peers. That being said, there are some points that are worth noting here. AI applications should be used as a tool, not an end because when these applications are utilized accountability cannot always be attained. The number of teachers who are already competent in informing and supervising students against malpractices is not sufficient. The fact that teachers are not fully competent in this respect poses a danger to the control and safety of the process. In order for artificial intelligence applications to be exercised effectively at the K-12 level, some software languages and coding skills must be acquired. Lastly, important steps need to be taken towards the future of artificial intelligence applications. Each country should include them in their education systems through their curricula from an early age along with AI applications. In this direction, teacher training programs should also be reviewed. It is of crucial importance to raise the awareness of the society on artificial intelligence, and about ethical rules and morality.

Keywords: Instructional Leadership, Artificial Intelligence (AI), K-12 Levels.


How to Cite this Article?

APA 6th edition
Ayyildiz, P. & Yilmaz, A. (2023). A New Chapter is Being Written About Writing Instruction: Instructional Leadership at K-12 Levels in The Age of Artificial Intelligence (AI) . Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, 18(4), 82-101. doi: 10.29329/epasr.2023.631.4

Harvard
Ayyildiz, P. and Yilmaz, A. (2023). A New Chapter is Being Written About Writing Instruction: Instructional Leadership at K-12 Levels in The Age of Artificial Intelligence (AI) . Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, 18(4), pp. 82-101.

Chicago 16th edition
Ayyildiz, Pinar and Adem Yilmaz (2023). "A New Chapter is Being Written About Writing Instruction: Instructional Leadership at K-12 Levels in The Age of Artificial Intelligence (AI) ". Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research 18 (4):82-101. doi:10.29329/epasr.2023.631.4.

References
  1. Abbas, A., Arrona-Palacios, A., Haruna, H., & Alvarez-Sosa, D. (2020). Elements of students’ expectation towards teacher-student research collaboration in higher education [conference session]. IEEE Frontiers in education conference (FIE), Uppsala, Sweden. https://doi.org/10.1109/fie44824.20209273902  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  2. Ayyıldız, P., & Yılmaz, A. (2021). 'Moving the kaleidoscope' to see the effect of creative personality traits on creative thinking dispositions of pre-service teachers: The mediating effect of creative learning environments and teachers' creativity fostering behavior. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 41, 100879, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2021.100879  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  3. Ayyıldız, P., & Yılmaz, A. (2023). Effective school management: Leadership capacity of the school principal. D. Outhwaite & C.A. Simon (Edts.). In Leadership and Management for Education Studies: Introducing Key Concepts of Theory and Practice (pp.46-58). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003321439  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  4. Bai, H., & Yang, S. (2019, October). Research on the sustainable development model of information technology literacy of normal students based on deep learning recommendation system. In 2019 4th International Conference on Mechanical, Control and Computer Engineering (ICMCCE). (pp.837-840). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMCCE48743.2019.00192  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  5. Baker, T., & Smith, L. (2019). Educ-AI-tion rebooted? Exploring the future of artificial intelligence in schools and colleges. https://media.nesta.org.uk/documents/Future_ of_AI_and_education_v5_WEB.pdf  [Google Scholar]
  6. Becker, S. A., Brown, M., Dahlstrom, E., Davis, A., DePaul, K., Diaz, V., & Pomerantz, J. (2018). NMC Horizon Report: 2018 Higher Education Edition. Educause. https://library.educause.edu/~/media/files/library/2018/8/2018horizonreport.pdf  [Google Scholar]
  7. Borenstein, J., & Howard, A. (2021). Emerging challenges in AI and the need for AI ethics education. AI and Ethics, 1(1), 61-65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-020-00002-7  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  8. Burkhard, M. (2022). Student perceptions of AI powered writing tools: Towards individualized teaching strategies. 19th International Conference on Cognition and Exploratory Learning in Digital Age (CELDA 2022). Lisbon, Portugal. [Google Scholar]
  9. Casal-Otero, L., Catala, A., Fernández-Morante, C. et al. (2023). AI literacy in K-12: A systematic literature review. IJ STEM Ed, 10, 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-023-00418-7  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  10. Chatterjee, S., & Bhattacharjee, K.K. (2020). Adoption of artificial intelligence in higher education: A quantitative analysis using structural equation modelling. Education and Information Technologies, 25, 3443-3463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10159-7  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  11. Chen, W., & Wei, H. (2021). Effect of an AI-Powered Writing Assistant on Writing Quality and Idea Generation. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 24(3), 84–97. [Google Scholar]
  12. Cheung, S. K., Lam, J., Li, K. C., Au, O., Ma, W. W., & Ho, W. S. (Eds.). (2018). Technology in Education. Innovative Solutions and Practices: Third International Conference, ICTE 2018.  [Google Scholar]
  13. Chittora, S., & Baynes, A. (2020). Interactive visualizations to introduce data science for high school students. In Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference on Information Technology Education. (pp. 236–241). https://doi.org/10.1145/3368308.3415360  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  14. Chiu, T.K.F. (2021). A holistic approach to the design of artificial intelligence (AI) education for k-12 schools. TechTrends, 65(5), 796-807. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-021-00637-1  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  15. Godwin-Jones, R. (2022). Partnering with AI: Intelligent writing assistance and instructed language learning. Language Learning & Technology, 26(2), 5–24. https://doi.org/10125/73474 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  16. Guan, C., Mou, J., & Jiang, Z. (2020). Artificial intelligence innovation in education: A twenty-year data-driven historical analysis. International Journal of Innovation Studies, 4(4), 134–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijis.2020.09.001  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  17. Gutierrez, L. F., & Henriques, A. (2020). Prospective mathematics teachers’tpack in a context of a teacher education experiment. Revista Latinoamericana De Investigación En Matemática Educativa, 23(2), 175-202. https://doi.org/10.12802/relime.20.2322  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  18. Heintz, F. (2021). Three interviews about k-12 ai education in america, europe, and singapore. KI Kunstliche Intelligenz, 35(2), 233-237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13218-021-00730-w  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  19. Hinton, G. (2018). Deep learning-A technology with the potential to transform health care. JAMA, 320(11), 1101-1102. [Google Scholar]
  20. Holmes, W., Bialik, M., & Fadel, C. (2019). Artificial intelligence in education: Promises and implications for teaching and learning. Center for Curriculum Redesign. [Google Scholar]
  21. Holmes, W., Porayska-Pomsta, K., Holstein, K., Sutherland, E., Baker, T., Shum, S. B., Santos, O. C., Rodrigo, M. T., Cukurova, M., Bittencourt, I. I., & Koedinger, K. R. (2021). Ethics of AI in edu¬cation: Towards a community-wide framework. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00239-1  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  22. Holstein, K., McLaren, B. M., & Aleven, V. (2019). Designing for complementarity: Teacher and student needs for orchestration support in ai-enhanced classrooms. In S. Isotani, E. Millan, A. Ogan, P. Hastings, B. McLaren, & R. Luckin (Eds.), Artificial intelligence in education. AIED 2019. Lecture notes in computer science (p.11625). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23204-7_14  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  23. Hwang, G. J., Xie, H., Wah, B.W., & Gašević, D. (2020). Vision, challenges, roles and research issues of artificial intelligence in education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 1, 100001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2020.100001  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  24. Itmazi, J., & Khlaif, Z. N. (2022). Science education in Palestine: Hope for a better future. Lecture Notes in Educational Technology. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6955-2_9  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  25. Jalal, S., Parker, W., Ferguson, D., & Nicolaou, S. (2021). Exploring the role of artificial intelligence in an emergency and trauma radiology department. Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal, 72(1), 167-174. https://doi.org/10.1177/0846537120918338  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  26. Kahn, K., Megasari, R., Piantari, E., & Junaeti, E. (2018). AI programming by children using Snap! block programming in a developing country. In Thirteenth European Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning. (p.11082). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98572-5  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  27. Kandlhofer, M., Steinbauer, G., Hirschmugl-Gaisch, S., & Huber, P. (2016). Artificial intelligence and computer science in education: From kindergarten to university. In IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference. (pp.1–9). [Google Scholar]
  28. Kandlhofer, M., & Steinbauer, G. (2021). AI k-12 education service. KI Kunstliche Intelligenz, 35(2), 125-126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13218-021-00715-9  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  29. Kleiman, G., & GPT-3 (2022, August 12). AI in writing class: Editor, co-author, ghostwriter, or muse?. Medium. [Google Scholar]
  30. Kong, S. C., ManYinCheung, W., & Zhang, G. (2021). Evaluation of an artificial intelligence literacy course for university students with diverse study backgrounds. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100026  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  31. Kornfeld, L., & Roy, D. (2021). Educational implications of AI writing tools for academic writing. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(1), 248–262. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12973  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  32. Krajcik, Z., & Kim, K. (2020). To What Extent Do AI Writing Tools Improve Writing Quality? A Case Study of Master’s Level Students. Educational Sciences, 10(11), 321. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10110321  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  33. Lee, S., Mott, B., Ottenbriet-Leftwich, A., Scribner, A., Taylor, S., Glazewski, K.,…Lester, J. (2020). Designing a collaborative game-based learning environment for AI-infused inquiry learning in elementary school classrooms. In Proceedings of the 2020 ACM conference on innovation and technology in computer science education. (pp. 566–566). https://doi.org/10.1145/3341525.3393981  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  34. Lin, X. F., Chen, L., Chan, K. K., Peng, S., Chen, X., Xie, S., & Hu, Q. (2022). Teachers’ perceptions of teaching sustainable artificial intelligence: A design frame perspective. Sustainability, 14(13), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137811  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  35. Lindner, A., & Berges, M. (2020). Can you explain ai to me? teachers’preconcepts about artificial intelligence. In IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE). (pp.1-9). https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE44824.2020.9274136  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  36. Long, D., & Magerko, B. (2020). What is AI literacy? Competencies and design considerations. In Proceedings of the 2020 chi conference on human factors in computing systems. (pp. 1–16). https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376727  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  37. Manske, K., & Wagner, C. (2020). Experiences with AI writing assistants. Writing & Pedagogy, 12(2), 333-352. [Google Scholar]
  38. Miao, F., Holmes, W., Huang, R., & Zhang, H. (2021). AI and education: A Guidance for policymakers. UNESCO Publishing. [Google Scholar]
  39. Micheuz, P. (2020). Approaches to Artificial Intelligence as a Subject in School Education. In T. Brinda, D. Passey, & T. Keane (Eds), Empowering Teaching for Digital Equity and Agency. OCCE 2020. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 595. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59847-1_1  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  40. Narahara, T., & Kobayashi, Y. (2018). Personalizing homemade bots with plug & play AI for STEAM education. In SIGGRAPH Asia 2018 technical briefs. (pp.1–4). https://doi.org/10.1145/3283254.3283270  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  41. Ng, D. T. K., Lee, M., Tan, R. J. Y., Hu, X., Downie, J. S., & Chu, S. K. W. (2022). A review of AI teaching and learning from 2000 to 2020. Education and Information Technologies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11491-w  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  42. Nisheva-Pavlova, M.M. (2021). AI courses for secondary and high school-comparative analysis and conclusions. In CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 3061. (pp. 9–16). [Google Scholar]
  43. Oflaz, G. (2023). Evaluation of educational games prepared by mathematics teacher candidates according to game design key model. Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, 18(1), 145-174. https://doi.org/10.29329/epasr.2023.525.7  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  44. Ouyang, F., Zheng, L., & Jiao, P. (2022). Artificial intelligence in online higher education: A systematic review of empirical research from 2011 to 2020. Education and Information Technologies, 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-10925-9  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  45. Öztürk, B. (2023). The effect of cooperative learning models on learning outcomes: a second-order meta-analysis. Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, 18(3), 273-296. https://doi.org/10.29329/epasr.2023.600.13  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  46. Prentice, F.M., & Kinden, C.E. (2018). Paraphrasing tools, language translation tools and plagiarism: An exploratory study. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 14(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-018-0036-7 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  47. Reyes, A., Elkin, C., Niyaz, Q., Yang, X., Paheding, S., & Devabhaktuni, V. (2020). A preliminary work on visualization-based education tool for high school machine learning education. In IEEE Integrated STEM Education Conference (ISEC). (pp.1-5). https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEC49744.2020.9280629  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  48. Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (2021). Artificial Intelligence, global edition a modern approach. Pearson Deutschland. [Google Scholar]
  49. Sacharidis, D., Mukamakuza, C. P., & Werthner, H. (2020). Fairness and diversity in social-based recom¬mender systems. In Adjunct Publication of the 28th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (pp.83-88). https://doi.org/10.1145/3386392.3397603  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  50. Sevgi, M., Ayyıldız, P., & Yılmaz, A. (2023). Eğitim bilimleri alanında yapay zekâ uygulamaları ve uygulamaların alana yansımaları. Ö. Baltacı (Ed.). Eğitim Bilimleri Araştırmaları-IV içinde (ss.1-18). Gaziantep: Özgür Yayınları.  [Google Scholar]
  51. Sevgi, M., & Yılmaz, A. (2023). Yükseköğretimde dijital dönüşüm ve metaverse. Y. Doğan ve N. Şen Ersoy (Edts.). Eğitimde Metaverse Kuram ve Uygulamalar içinde (ss.71-86). İstanbul: Efe Akademi Yayınları.  [Google Scholar]
  52. Slade, S., & Prinsloo, P. (2013). Learning Analytics: Ethical Issues and Dilemmas. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(10), 1510-1529. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213479366  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  53. Thet, H., & Htay, H. (2021). The Effectiveness of AI Writing Tools on Developing EFL University Students’ Academic Writing Skills. Journal of NELTA, 26(1), 53–67. https://doi.org/10.3126/nelta.v26i1.37162  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  54. Touretzky, D., Gardner-McCune, C., Breazeal, C., Martin, F., & Seehorn, D. (2019). A year in K-12 AI education. AI Magazine, 40(4), 88-90. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v40i4.5289  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  55. Vartiainen, H., Tedre, M., & Valtonen, T. (2020). Learning machine learning with very young children: Who is teaching whom? International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 25, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2020.100182  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  56. Verner, I., Cuperman, D., & Reitman, M. (2021). Exploring robot connectivity and collaborative sensing in a high-school enrichment program. Robotics, 10(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics10010013  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  57. Vinall, K., & Hellmich, E.A. (2021). Down the rabbit hole: Machine translation, metaphor, and instructor identity and agency. Second Language Research & Practice, 2(1), 99–118. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/69860  [Google Scholar]
  58. Wan, X., Zhou, X., Ye, Z., Mortensen, C., & Bai, Z. (2020). Smileyclus-ter: Supporting accessible machine learning in k-12 scientific discovery. In proceedings of the Interaction Design and Children Conference. (pp. 23–35). https://doi.org/10.1145/3392063.3394440  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  59. Wang, T., & Cheng, E.C.K. (2021). An investigation of barriers to Hong Kong K-12 schools incorporat¬ing Artificial Intelligence in education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2, 100031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100031  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  60. Wei, Y. (2021). Influence factors of using modern teaching technology in the classroom of junior middle school teachers under the background of artificial intelligence-analysis based on HLM. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 1282, 110-118. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62743-0_16  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  61. Wei, Q., Li, M., Xiang, K., & Qiu, X. (2020). Analysis and strategies of the Professional development of information technology teachers under the vision of artificial intelligence. In 2020 15th International Conference on Computer Science & Education (ICCSE). (pp.716-721). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCSE49874.2020.9201652  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  62. Wong, G. K., Ma, X., Dillenbourg, P., & Huen, J. (2020). Broadening artificial intelligence education in k-12: Where to start? ACM Inroads,11(1), 20-29. https://doi.org/10.1145/3381884  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  63. Xia, L., & Zheng, G. (2020). To meet the trend of AI: The ecology of developing ai talents for pre-service teachers in China. International Journal of Learning, 6(3), 186-190. https://doi.org/10.18178/IJLT.6.3.186-190  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  64. Xiao, W., & Song, T. (2021). Current situation of artificial intelligence education in primary and secondary schools in China. In The Sixth International Conference on Information Management and Technology. (pp.1-4). https://doi.org/10.1145/3465631.3465980  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  65. Yılmaz, A., Ayyıldız, P., & Baltacı, H. S. (2020). Speak now or forever hold your peace: Turkish academics’ self-efficacy beliefs in their spoken english. International Journal of Progressive Education, 16(6), 325–343. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2020.280.20  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  66. Yue, M., Dai, Y., Siu-Yung, M., & Chai, C.-S. (2021). An analysis of k-12 artificial intelligence curricula in eight countries. In Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Computers in Education. (pp. 22–26). [Google Scholar]
  67. Yue, M., Jong, M. S. Y., & Dai, Y. (2022). Pedagogical design of K-12 artificial intelligence education: A systematic review. Sustainability, 14(23), 15620. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315620  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  68. Zhai, X., Chu, X., Chai, C. S., Jong, M. S. Y., Istenic, A., Spector, M., & Li, Y. (2021). A review of artificial intelligence (AI) in education from 2010 to 2020. Complexity. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8812542  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  69. Zawacki-Richter, O., Marin, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019). Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education – Where are the educators? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(39), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0  [Google Scholar] [Crossref]