Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research
ISSN (Print): 1949-4270 - ISSN (Online): 1949-4289

Research article    |    Open Access
Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research 2022, Vol. 17(4) 8-44

An Analysis of Research on The Efficiency of Higher Education in Türkiye

Münevver Çeti̇n & Muammer Maral

pp. 8 - 44   |  DOI: https://doi.org/10.29329/epasr.2022.478.1

Publish Date: December 05, 2022  |   Single/Total View: 190/434   |   Single/Total Download: 285/662

PDF Download

Abstract

The aim of this study is to present the general trend and direction of the research, both in terms of content and methodology, from a critical point of view by examining the studies on the efficiency of higher education in Türkiye and thus, to shed light on new research to be done and to make suggestions to researchers. Bibliographic analysis and descriptive content analysis methods were chosen in the research. Data was obtained from Web of Science, Scopus, EBSCO, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, Google Scholar, Sobiad, National Thesis Center of the Council of Higher Education, TR Index databases. 70 studies meeting the determined criteria are included in this study. As a result of the research, it has been concluded that there is an increase in the number of research on the efficiency of higher education institutions, and the research focused on universities, data envelopment analysis is used more as an analysis method, the number of methods used is low, the most output-oriented BCC model is preferred among the efficiency measurement models, current data are not used in research, the number of units examined is low, and state universities are examined more. In addition to that, it has been concluded that the number of personnel, financial inputs, number of students, physical resources, the unit numbers represent almost the entire input set, and the outputs used in research are basically represented by four different outputs, which are students, research, project and publication, financial variables, and academic success, and the purpose of this study is directed to different problems, but the scope of the research can be improved.

Keywords: Education, Efficiency, Efficiency Analysis, Higher Education, Research

How to Cite this Article?

APA 7th edition
Ceti̇n, M., & Maral, M. (2022). An Analysis of Research on The Efficiency of Higher Education in Türkiye. Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, 17(4), 8-44. https://doi.org/10.29329/epasr.2022.478.1

Harvard
Ceti̇n, M. and Maral, M. (2022). An Analysis of Research on The Efficiency of Higher Education in Türkiye. Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, 17(4), pp. 8-44.

Chicago 16th edition
Ceti̇n, Munevver and Muammer Maral (2022). "An Analysis of Research on The Efficiency of Higher Education in Türkiye". Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research 17 (4):8-44. https://doi.org/10.29329/epasr.2022.478.1

References
  1. Ablanedo-Rosas, J. H., & Gemoets, L. A. (2010). Measuring the efficiency of Mexican airports. Journal of Air Transport Management, 16(6), 343-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2010.05.003 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  2. Abramo, G., & D'Angelo, C. A. (2009). Assessing technical and cost efficiency of research activities: a case study of the Italian university system. Research Evaluation, 18(1), 61-70. https://doi.org/10.3152/095820209x408869 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  3. Agasisti, T. (2011). Performances and spending efficiency in higher education: A European comparison through non-parametric approaches. Education Economics, 19(2), 199-224. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645290903094174 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  4. Agasisti, T., & Berbegal-Mirabent, J. (2021). Cross-country analysis of higher education institutions’ efficiency: The role of strategic positioning. Science and Public Policy, 48(1), 66-79. https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scaa058 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  5. Agasisti, T., & Dal Bianco, A. (2009). Reforming the university sector: effects on teaching efficiency-evidence from Italy. Higher Education, 57(4), 477-498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-008-9157-x [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  6. Agasisti, T., & Ricca, L. (2016). Comparing the efficiency of Italian public and private universities (2007-2011): An empirical analysis. Italian Economic Journal, 2(1), 57-89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40797-015-0022-7 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  7. Agasisti, T., & Salerno, C. (2007). Assessing the cost efficiency of Italian universities. Education Economics, 15(4), 455-471. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645290701273491 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  8. Aleskerov, F. T., Belousova, V. Y., & Petrushchenko, V. V. (2017). Models of data envelopment analysis and stochastic frontier analysis in the efficiency assessment of universities. Automation and Remote Control, 78(5), 902-923. https://doi.org/10.1134/s0005117917050125 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  9. Ali, U., Ertaş, F. C., & Yayar, R. (2018). Efficiency analysis based on performance: Example of state universities. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 11(1), 255-276. [Google Scholar]
  10. Anastasiou, A., Kounetas, K., Mitropoulos, P., & Mitropoulos, Y. (2007). Evaluating efficiency of university academic departments. Journal of Interdisciplinary Mathematics, 10(3), 409-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720502.2007.10700502 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  11. Aybarç Bursalıoğlu, S., & Selim, S. (2015). Factors determining the efficiency of higher education in the European Union and Turkey. Bilig, (74), 45-69. [Google Scholar]
  12. Banker, R. D., Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., Swarts, J., & Thomas, D. (1989). An introduction to data envelopment analysis with some of its models and their uses. Research in governmental and nonprofit accounting, 5(1), 125-163. [Google Scholar]
  13. Barros, C. P., & Wanke, P. (2016). Ground and network efficiency drivers in African airlines: A two-stage network DEA approach. In J. D. Bitzan, J. H. Peoples, & W. W. Wilson (Eds.), Airline Efficiency (pp. 73-102). https://doi.org/10.1108/s2212-160920160000005004 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  14. Bayraktar, E., Tatoglu, E., & Zaim, S. (2013). Measuring the relative efficiency of quality management practices in Turkish public and private universities. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 64(12), 1810-1830. https://doi.org/10.1057/jors.2013.2 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  15. Brzezicki, Ł. (2020). The efficiency of public and private higher education institutions in Poland. Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics, 304(4), 33-51. [Google Scholar]
  16. Burney, N. A., Johnes, J., Al-Enezi, M., & Al-Musallam, M. (2013). The efficiency of public schools: The case of Kuwait. Education Economics, 21(4), 360-379. [Google Scholar]
  17. Caballero, R., Galache, T., Gomez, T., Molina, J., & Torrico, A. (2004). Budgetary allocations and efficiency in the human resources policy of a university following multiple criteria. Economics of Education Review, 23(1), 67-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7757(03)00049-9 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  18. Canal, G. Y., Amado, A. P. G., & Hurtado, M. G. (2015). Research efficiency assessment of Colombian public universities 2003-2012: Data envelopment analysis. Inge Cuc, 11(2), 97-108. https://doi.org/10.17981/ingecuc.11.2.2015.10 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  19. Casu, B., & Thanassoulis, E. (2006, Oct). Evaluating cost efficiency in central administrative services in UK universities. Omega-International Journal of Management Science, 34(5), 417-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2004.07.020 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  20. Chen, C. F., & Soo, K. T. (2010). Some university students are more equal than others: Efficiency evidence from England. Economics Bulletin, 30(4), 2697-2708. [Google Scholar]
  21. Chen, W., Li, S. S., Mehlawat, M. K., Jia, L. F., & Kumar, A. (2021). Portfolio selection using data envelopment analysis cross-efficiency evaluation with undesirable fuzzy inputs and outputs. International Journal of Fuzzy Systems, 23(5), 1478-1509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40815-020-01045-y [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  22. Choi, K. H., & Ahn, J. Y. (2013). Evaluating the operational efficiencies of local universities using DEA approach. Korean Journal of Applied Statistics, 26(1), 49-58. https://doi.org/10.5351/kjas.2013.26.1.049 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  23. Cohn, E., & Cooper, S. T. (2004). Multi-product cost functions for universities: Economies of scale and scope. In G. Johnes & J. Johnes (Eds.), International handbook on the economics of education (pp. 579-612). Edward Elgar Publishing. [Google Scholar]
  24. Cook, W. D., Tone, K., & Zhu, J. (2014). Data envelopment analysis: Prior to choosing a model. Omega, 44, 1-4. [Google Scholar]
  25. Cooper, W. W., Seiford, L. M., & Tone, K. (2007). Data envelopment analysis: a comprehensive text with models, applications, references and DEA-solver software. New York: Springer. [Google Scholar]
  26. Cordero, J. M., Santín, D., & Simancas, R. (2017). Assessing European primary school performance through a conditional nonparametric model. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 68(4), 364-376. [Google Scholar]
  27. Dash, U., Vaishnavi, S. D., & Muraleedharan, V. R. (2010). Technical efficiency and scale efficiency of district hospitals: A case study. Journal of Health Management, 12(3), 231-248. https://doi.org/10.1177/097206341001200302 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  28. De Witte, K., & Rogge, N. (2011). Accounting for exogenous influences in performance evaluations of teachers. Economics of Education Review, 30(4), 641-653. [Google Scholar]
  29. Deutsch, J., Dumas, A., & Silber, J. (2013). Estimating an educational production function for five countries of Latin America on the basis of the PISA data. Economics of Education Review, 36, 245-262. [Google Scholar]
  30. Dixit, A. (2002). Incentives and organizations in the public sector: An interpretative review. Journal of Human Resources, 37(4), 696-727. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069614 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  31. Donthu, N., Kumar, S., Mukherjee, D., Pandey, N., & Lim, W. M. (2021). How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 133, 285-296. [Google Scholar]
  32. Duh, R. R., Chen, K. T., Lin, R. C., & Kuo, L. C. (2014, Oct). Do internal controls improve operating efficiency of universities? Annals of Operations Research, 221(1), 173-195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-011-0875-6 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  33. Emrouznejad, A., & Thanassoulis, E. (2005). A mathematical model for dynamic efficiency using data envelopment analysis. Applied mathematics and computation, 160(2), 363-378. [Google Scholar]
  34. Farrell, M. J. (1957). The measurement of productive efficiency. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (General), 120(3), 253-281. [Google Scholar]
  35. Ferro, G., & D'Elia, V. (2020). Higher education efficiency frontier analysis: A review of variables to consider. Journal on Efficiency and Responsibility in Education and Science, 13(3), 140-153. [Google Scholar]
  36. Gerami, J. (2019). An interactive procedure to improve estimate of value efficiency in DEA. Expert Systems with Applications, 137, 29-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2019.06.061 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  37. Gimenez, V. M., & Martinez, J. L. (2006). Cost efficiency in the university: A departmental evaluation model. Economics of Education Review, 25(5), 543-553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2005.05.006 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  38. Golany, B., & Roll, Y. (1989). An application procedure for DEA. Omega, 17(3), 237-250. [Google Scholar]
  39. Gralka, S., Wohlrabe, K., & Bornmann, L. (2019). How to measure research efficiency in higher education? Research grants vs. publication output. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 41(3), 322-341. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080x.2019.1588492 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  40. Grigoroudis, E., & Petridis, K. (2019). Evaluation of national environmental efficiency under uncertainty using data envelopment analysis. In H. Doukas, A. Flamos, & J. Lieu (Eds.), Understanding risks and uncertainties in energy and climate policy: multidisciplinary methods and tools for a low carbon society (pp. 161-181). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03152-7_7 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  41. Gutierrez-Nieto, B., Serrano-Cinca, C., & Molinero, C. M. (2009). Social efficiency in microfinance institutions. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 60(1), 104-119. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jors.2602527 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  42. Güran, M. C., & Ayranci, E. (2019). Efficiency changes in higher education in OECD countries: Implementation of malmquist total factor productivity index for 2000 and 2012 period. Sosyoekonomi, 27(41), 71-88. [Google Scholar]
  43. Haelermans, C., & Blank, J. L. (2012). Is a schools’ performance related to technical change?–A study on the relationship between innovations and secondary school productivity. Computers & Education, 59(3), 884-892. [Google Scholar]
  44. Haelermans, C., De Witte, K., & Blank, J. L. (2012). On the allocation of resources for secondary schools. Economics of Education Review, 31(5), 575-586. [Google Scholar]
  45. Hanushek, E. A. (2016). Will more higher education improve economic growth? Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 32(4), 538-552. [Google Scholar]
  46. Hu, Y. M., Zhang, Z., & Liang, W. Y. (2009). Efficiency of primary schools in Beijing, China: An evaluation by data envelopment analysis. International Journal of Educational Management, 23(1), 34-50. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513540910926411 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  47. Jiang, J. L., Lee, S. K., & Rah, M. J. (2020). Assessing the research efficiency of Chinese higher education institutions by data envelopment analysis. Asia Pacific Education Review, 21(3), 423-440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-020-09634-0 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  48. Johnes, J. (2004). Efficiency measurement. In G. Johnes & J. Johnes (Eds.), The International Handbook on the Economics of Education (pp. 613–742). Edward Elgar. [Google Scholar]
  49. Johnes, J. (2006). Measuring teaching efficiency in higher education: An application of data envelopment analysis to economics graduates from UK Universities 1993. European Journal of Operational Research, 174(1), 443-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2005.02.044 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  50. Johnes, J. (2015). Operational research in education. European Journal of Operational Research, 243(3), 683-696. [Google Scholar]
  51. Kalirajan, K. P., & Shand, R. T. (1999). Frontier production functions and technical efficiency measures. Journal of Economic surveys, 13(2), 149-172. [Google Scholar]
  52. Kantabutra, S., & Tang, J. C. S. (2010). Efficiency analysis of public universities in Thailand. Tertiary Education and Management, 16(1), 15-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/13583881003629798 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  53. Kao, C. A., & Hung, H. T. (2008). Efficiency analysis of university departments: An empirical study. Omega-International Journal of Management Science, 36(4), 653-664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2006.02.003 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  54. Kipesha, E. F., & Msigwa, R. (2013). Efficiency of higher learning institutions: Evidences from public universities in Tanzania. Journal of Education and practice, 4(7), 63-73. [Google Scholar]
  55. Kocak, D., Ture, H., & Atan, M. (2019). Efficiency measurement with network DEA: An application to sustainable development goals 4. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 6(3), 415-435. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.539487 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  56. Loganathan, M., & Subrahmanya, M. H. B. Efficiency of entrepreneurial universities in India: A data envelopment analysis. Journal of the Knowledge Economy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-022-00897-z [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  57. Maji, S. G., & Hussain, F. (2021). Technical efficiency, intellectual capital efficiency and bank performance in emerging markets: the case of India. Journal of Advances in Management Research, 18(5), 708-737. https://doi.org/10.1108/jamr-09-2020-0218 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  58. McMillan, M. L., & Chan, W. H. (2006). University efficiency: A comparison and consolidation of results from stochastic and non-stochastic methods. Education Economics, 14(1), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645290500481857 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  59. Mikušová, P. (2017). Measuring the efficiency of the Czech public higher education institutions: an application of DEA. Journal on Efficiency and Responsibility in Education and Science, 10(2), 58-63. [Google Scholar]
  60. Misra, K., Grimes, P. W., & Rogers, K. E. (2012). Does competition improve public school efficiency? A spatial analysis. Economics of Education Review, 31(6), 1177-1190. [Google Scholar]
  61. Moreno-Enguix, M. D., Gomez-Gallego, J. C., & Gallego, M. G. (2018). Analysis and determination the efficiency of the European health systems. International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 33(1), 136-154. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.2412 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  62. Moreno, J. D., Robles, A. G., Martinez, A., Calvo, R. M., & Miron, A. G. (2019). Assessing efficiency in the Spanish public universities through comparative non-radial and radial data envelopment analysis. Tertiary Education and Management, 25(3), 195-210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11233-018-09017-6 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  63. Mugera, A. W., & Featherstone, A. M. (2008). Backyard hog production efficiency: Evidence from the Philippines. Asian Economic Journal, 22(3), 267-287. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8381.2008.00278.x [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  64. Naper, L. R. (2010). Teacher hiring practices and educational efficiency. Economics of Education Review, 29(4), 658-668. [Google Scholar]
  65. Nigsch, S., & Schenker-Wicki, A. (2015). Frontier efficiency analysis in higher education. In I. M. Welpe, J. Wollersheim, S. Ringelhan, & M. Osterloh (Eds.), Incentives and performance (pp. 155-170). Springer. [Google Scholar]
  66. Omrani, H., Amini, M., Babaei, M., & Shafaat, K. (2020). Use Shapley value for increasing power distinguish of data envelopment analysis model: An application for estimating environmental efficiency of industrial producers in Iran. Energy & Environment, 31(4), 656-675. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305x19882377 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  67. Perez-Pons, M. E., Plaza-Hernandez, M., Alonso, R. S., Parra-Dominguez, J., & Prieto, J. (2021). Increasing profitability and monitoring environmental performance: A case study in the agri-food ındustry through an edge-IoT platform. Sustainability, 13(1), Article 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010283 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  68. Quiroga-Martinez, F., Fernandez-Vazquez, E., & Alberto, C. L. (2018). Efficiency in public higher education on Argentina 2004-2013: Institutional decisions and university-specific effects. Latin American Economic Review, 27(14), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40503-018-0062-0 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  69. Reichmann, G. (2004). Measuring university library efficiency of using data envelopment analysis. Libri, 54(2), 136-146. https://doi.org/10.1515/libr.2004.136 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  70. Rhaiem, M. (2017). Measurement and determinants of academic research efficiency: A systematic review of the evidence. Scientometrics, 110(2), 581-615. [Google Scholar]
  71. Salas-Velasco, M. (2020, Feb). Measuring and explaining the production efficiency of Spanish universities using a non-parametric approach and a bootstrapped-truncated regression. Scientometrics, 122(2), 825-846. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-019-03324-4 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  72. Sexton, T. R., Comunale, C. L., & Gara, S. C. (2012). Efficiency-based funding for public four-year colleges and universities. Education Finance and Policy, 7(3), 331-359. https://doi.org/10.1162/EDFP_a_00070 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  73. Shamohammadi, M., & Oh, D. H. (2019). Measuring the efficiency changes of private universities of Korea: A two-stage network data envelopment analysis. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119730 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  74. Smith, H. L. (2007). Universities, innovation, and territorial development: A review of the evidence. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 25(1), 98-114. [Google Scholar]
  75. Tajnikar, M., & Debevec, J. (2008). Funding system of full-time higher education and technical efficiency: Case of the University of Ljubljana. Education Economics, 16(3), 289-303. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645290802338151 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  76. Tavares, R. S., Drumond, G. M., Angula Meza, L., & Mexas, M. P. (2018). Efficiency assessment in university libraries. Transinformacao, 30(1), 65-79. https://doi.org/10.1590/2318-08892018000100006 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  77. Taylor, B., & Harris, G. (2004, Jan). Relative efficiency among South African universities: A data envelopment analysis. Higher Education, 47(1), 73-89. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HIGH.0000009805.98400.4d [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  78. Thai, K. Q., & Noguchi, M. (2021). Investigating the technical efficiency of Japanese national universities following corporatization: a two-stage data envelopment analysis approach. International Journal of Educational Management, 35(6), 1297-1311. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijem-10-2020-0456 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  79. Ting, I. W. K., Chen, F. C., Kweh, Q. L., Sui, H. J., & Le, H. T. M. (2021). Intellectual capital and bank branches' efficiency: An integrated study. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 1469-1930. https://doi.org/10.1108/jic-07-2020-0245 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  80. Tone, K., & Sahoo, B. K. (2003). Scale, indivisibilities and production function in data envelopment analysis. International Journal of Production Economics, 84(2), 165-192. [Google Scholar]
  81. Turkan, S., & Ozel, G. (2017). Efficiency of state universities in Turkey During the 2014-2015 academic year and determination of factors affecting efficiency. Education and Science, 42(191), 307-322. https://doi.org/10.15390/eb.2017.6980 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  82. Ültay, E., Akyurt, H., & Ültay, N. (2021). Descriptive content analysis in social sciences. IBAD Journal of Social Sciences(10), 188-201. https://doi.org/https://doi.10.21733/ibad.871703 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  83. Vassiloglou, M., & Giokas, D. (1990). A study of the relative efficiency of bank branches: An application of data envelopment analysis. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 41(7), 591-597. [Google Scholar]
  84. Villano, R. A., & Tran, C. D. T. (2021). Survey on technical efficiency in higher education: A meta‐fractional regression analysis. Pacific Economic Review, 26(1), 110-135. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0106.12310 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  85. Visbal-Cadavid, D., Martinez-Gomez, M., & Guijarro, F. (2017). Assessing the efficiency of public universities through DEA. A Case Study. Sustainability, 9(8), 1-19, https://doi.org/10.3390/su9081416 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  86. Wang, H., & Li, H. Y. (2010, May 21-22). Research on evaluation of the higher education resource investment efficiency in our country. [Proceedings of the third international conference on education management science and engineering]. 3rd International Conference on Education Management Science and Engineering, Yan An City, China. [Google Scholar]
  87. Witte, K. D., & López-Torres, L. (2017). Efficiency in education: A review of literature and a way forward. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 68(4), 339-363, https://doi.org/10.1057/jors.2015.92. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  88. Worthington, A. C. (2001). An empirical survey of frontier efficiency measurement techniques in education. Education Economics, 9(3), 245-268. [Google Scholar]
  89. Zhang, T. (2010). Decomposing allocative efficiency for multi-product production systems. E & M Ekonomie a Management, 13(2), 71-77. [Google Scholar]
Meta
Vol. 17 (4)
Download
Metric
History
Related

Volume 17 Issue 4

December 2022

All Manuscript

Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research

Copyright © 2025 Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. CC BY
All elements of this website were created using the BOQ™ - Intelligent Webverse System.