International Association of Educators   |  ISSN: 1949-4270   |  e-ISSN: 1949-4289

Original article | Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research 2022, Vol. 17(1) 8-27

A Qualitative Analysis of Self-Determination and Psychological Adjustment of Syrian Refugees in Turkey: Teachers’ Perspective

Numan Turan, Bediha İpekçi, Ezgi Alabucak Cinalioğlu & Mehmet Yalçın Yılmaz

pp. 8 - 27   |  DOI: https://doi.org/10.29329/epasr.2022.248.1   |  Manu. Number: MANU-2110-08-0001.R1

Published online: March 01, 2022  |   Number of Views: 133  |  Number of Download: 537


Abstract

This qualitative research explored Syrian refugees’ self-determination and psychosocial adjustment in Turkey and teachers’ experience working with refugees. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews from 12 vocational and language teachers (Mage = 34.27, SDage = 4.94) who had an average of 9.58-year teaching experience and at least one year of teaching Syrian forcibly displaced people and refugees. The content analysis revealed three overarching themes: i) the needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness facilitate refugees’ adjustment in dealing with resettlement stressors; ii) trauma experience interferes with refugees’ adjustment; iii) working with refugees transforms teachers to become more tolerant, resilient, patriotic, sensitive to diversity, and grateful for their relationships. The findings may stimulate psychosocial interventions and policies that would mitigate contextual barriers as well as create an inclusive psychosocial environment. Refugees are likely to benefıt from a nurturing environment and teachers are likely to benefit from trainings focusing on trauma informed teaching skills.

Keywords: Syrian refugees, teachers, psychological adjustment, self-determination, trauma


How to Cite this Article?

APA 6th edition
Turan, N., Ipekci, B., Cinalioglu, E.A. & Yilmaz, M.Y. (2022). A Qualitative Analysis of Self-Determination and Psychological Adjustment of Syrian Refugees in Turkey: Teachers’ Perspective . Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, 17(1), 8-27. doi: 10.29329/epasr.2022.248.1

Harvard
Turan, N., Ipekci, B., Cinalioglu, E. and Yilmaz, M. (2022). A Qualitative Analysis of Self-Determination and Psychological Adjustment of Syrian Refugees in Turkey: Teachers’ Perspective . Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, 17(1), pp. 8-27.

Chicago 16th edition
Turan, Numan, Bediha Ipekci, Ezgi Alabucak Cinalioglu and Mehmet Yalcin Yilmaz (2022). "A Qualitative Analysis of Self-Determination and Psychological Adjustment of Syrian Refugees in Turkey: Teachers’ Perspective ". Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research 17 (1):8-27. doi:10.29329/epasr.2022.248.1.

References
  1. Aydin, H., & Kaya, Y. (2019). Education for Syrian Refugees: The New Global Issue Facing Teachers and Principals in Turkey. Educational Studies - AESA, 55(1), 46–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131946.2018.1561454 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  2. Bartholomew, K. J., Ntoumanis, N., Ryan, R. M., & Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C. (2011). Psychological need thwarting in the sport context: Assessing the darker side of athletic experience. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33(1), 75–102. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.33.1.75 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  3. Bemak, F., Chung, R. C.-Y., & Pedersen, P. B. (2003). Counseling Refugees: A Psychosocial Approach to Innovative Multicultural Interventions. Greenwood Press. [Google Scholar]
  4. Bhugra, D. (2004). Review article Migration and mental health. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 109(4), 243–258. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.0001-690X.2003.00246.x [Google Scholar]
  5. Bogic, M., Njoku, A., & Priebe, S. (2015). Long-term mental health of war-refugees: a systematic literature review. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 15(1), 1–41. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12914-015-0064-9 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  6. Boylu, E. (2020). Turkish Language in the Perspective of Syrian Refugee Students: A Metaphor Study. Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, 15(4), 214–233. https://doi.org/10.29329/EPASR.2020.323.12 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  7. Chen, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Beyers, W., Boone, L., Deci, E. L., Van der Kaap-Deeder, J., Duriez, B., Lens, W., Matos, L., Mouratidis, A., Ryan, R. M., Sheldon, K. M., Soenens, B., Van Petegem, S., & Verstuyf, J. (2015). Basic psychological need satisfaction, need frustration, and need strength across four cultures. Motivation and Emotion, 39(2), 216–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-014-9450-1 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  8. Cho, S., & Reich, G. A. (2008). New Immigrants, New Challenges: High School Social Studies Teachers and English Language Learner Instruction. The Social Studies, 99(6), 235–242. https://doi.org/10.3200/tsss.99.6.235-242 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  9. Chung, M. C., Shakra, M., AlQarni, N., AlMazrouei, M., Al Mazrouei, S., & Al Hashimi, S. (2018). Posttraumatic Stress Among Syrian Refugees: Trauma Exposure Characteristics, Trauma Centrality, and Emotional Suppression. Psychiatry, 81(1), 54–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.2017.1354620 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  10. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior. Springer Science+Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  11. El Khoury, S. J. (2019). Factors that impact the sociocultural adjustment and well-being of Syrian refugees in Stuttgart–Germany. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 47(1), 65–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2018.1520196 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  12. Eryaman, M. Y., & Evran, S. (2019) Syrian refugee students’ lived experiences at temporary education centres in Turkey. In K. Arar, J.S. Brooks, & I. Bogotch, (Eds.), Education, immigration, and migration (pp. 131-143) [Google Scholar]
  13. Fazel, M., Wheeler, J., & Danesh, J. (2005). Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: A systematic review. Lancet, 365(9467), 1309–1314. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)61027-6 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  14. Gürel, D., & Büyükşahin, Y. (2020). Education of Syrian Refugee Children in Turkey: Reflections From the Application. International Journal of Progressive Education, 16(5), 426–442. https://doi.org/10.29329/IJPE.2020.277.26 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  15. Hooberman, J., Rosenfeld, B., Rasmussen, A., & Keller, A. (2010). Resilience in trauma-exposed refugees: The moderating effect of coping style on resilience variables. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80(4), 557–563. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01060.x [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  16. İra, N., Yalçınkaya Önder, E., & Çetin, T. G. (2021). An Investigation into the Views of Refugee Students’ Teachers on Their Subjective Well-Being: A Qualitative Descriptive Study. Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, 16(2), 354–365. https://doi.org/10.29329/EPASR.2020.345.16 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  17. Kira, I. A., Lewandowski, L., Templin, T., Ramaswamy, V., Ozkan, B., & Mohanesh, J. (2010). The Effects of Perceived Discrimination and Backlash on Iraqi Refugees’ Mental and Physical Health. MPublishing, 5(1), 59–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564901003622110 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  18. Li, S. S. Y., Liddell, B. J., & Nickerson, A. (2016). The Relationship Between Post-Migration Stress and Psychological Disorders in Refugees and Asylum Seekers. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(9), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0723-0 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  19. Lindencrona, F., Ekblad, S., & Hauff, E. (2008). Mental health of recently resettled refugees from the Middle East in Sweden: The impact of pre-resettlement trauma, resettlement stress and capacity to handle stress. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43(2), 121–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-007-0280-2 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  20. Mitchell, J., Miller, J., & Brown, J. (2005). African refugees with interrupted schooling in the high school mainstream: dilemmas for teachers. Prospect: An Australian Journal of TESOL, 20(2), 19–33. [Google Scholar]
  21. Nickerson, A., Bryant, R. A., Schnyder, U., Schick, M., Mueller, J., & Morina, N. (2015). Emotion dysregulation mediates the relationship between trauma exposure, post-migration living difficulties and psychological outcomes in traumatized refugees. Journal of Affective Disorders, 173(May), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.043 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  22. Porter, M., & Haslam, N. (2005). Predisplacement and postdisplacement factors associated with mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons: A meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 294(5), 602–612. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.294.5.602 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  23. Reitmanova, S., Gustafson, D. L., & Ahmed, R. (2015). “Immigrants Can Be Deadly”: Critical Discourse Analysis of Racialization of Immigrant Health in the Canadian Press and Public Health Policies. Canadian Journal of Communication, 40(3). https://doi.org/10.22230/cjc.2015v40n3a2831 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  24. Roth, G., Vansteenkiste, M., & Ryan, R. M. (2019). Integrative emotion regulation: Process and development from a self-determination theory perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 31(3), 945–956. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579419000403 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  25. Roxas, K. (2010). Who really wants “the tired, the poor, and the huddled masses” anyway?: Teachers’ use of cultural scripts with refugee students in public schools. Multicultural Perspectives, 12(2), 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/15210960.2010.481180 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  26. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  27. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2002). Overview of Self-Determination Theory: An Organismic Dialectical Perspective. In R. M. Ryan & E. L. Deci (Eds.), Handbook of Self-Determination Research (pp. 3–33). University of Rochester Press. [Google Scholar]
  28. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness. The Guildford Press. [Google Scholar]
  29. Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2016). Autonomy and autonomy disturbances in self-development and psychopathology: Research on motivation, attachment, and clinical process. Developmental Psychopathology, I, 1–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy109 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  30. Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R., & Postmes, T. (2014). The Consequences of Perceived Discrimination for Psychological Well-Being: A Meta-Analytic Review Social Identity Formation: The Role of Social Interaction View project Parents Perceptions of the Aboriginal Focus School in Vancouver View project. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035754 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  31. Schweitzer, R., Melville, F., Steel, Z., & Lacherez, P. (2006). Trauma, Post-Migration Living Difficulties, and Social Support as Predictors of Psychological Adjustment in Resettled Sudanese Refugees. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(2), 179–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/J.1440-1614.2006.01766.X [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  32. Sharara, S. L., & Kanj, S. S. (2014). War and Infectious Diseases: Challenges of the Syrian Civil War. PLoS Pathogens, 10(11), 2–5. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004438 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  33. Simich, L., Beiser, M., & Mawani, F. N. (2003). Social support and the significance of shared experience in refugee migration and resettlement. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 25(7), 872–891. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945903256705 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  34. Ssenyonga, J., Owens, V., & Olema, D. K. (2013). Posttraumatic Cognitions, Avoidance Coping, Suicide, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Adolescent Refugees. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 82, 261–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.256 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  35. Steel, J. L., Dunlavy, A. C., Harding, C. E., & Theorell, T. (2017). The Psychological Consequences of Pre-Emigration Trauma and Post-Migration Stress in Refugees and Immigrants from Africa. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 19(3), 523–532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-016-0478-z [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  36. Vansteenkiste, M., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). On psychological growth and vulnerability: Basic psychological need satisfaction and need frustration as a unifying principle. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 23(3), 263–280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0032359 [Google Scholar]
  37. Vojvoda, D., Weine, S. M., McGlashan, T., Becker, D. F., & Southwick, S. M. (2008). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in Bosnian refugees 3 1/2 years after resettlement. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 45(3), 421–426. https://doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2007.06.0083 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  38. Waxman, P. (2000). The Impact of English language proficiency on the adjustment of recently arrived Iraqi, Bosnian and Afghan refugees in Sydney. Prospect : An Australian Journal of TESOL, 15, 4–22. [Google Scholar]
  39. Yıldız Çelik, Ö., & Kodan, H. (2020). Experiences of Primary School Teachers Regarding to Teaching Turkish to Students who are not Native Turkish Speakers: A Phenomenology. International Journal of Progressive Education, 16(6), 215–230. https://doi.org/10.29329/IJPE.2020.280.13 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  40. Zhang, Y., & Wildemuth, B. M. (2009). Qualitative Analysis of Content. In B. M. Wildemuth (Ed.), Applications of Social Research Methods to Questions in Information and Library Science (Issue 4, pp. 308–319). Library Unlimited. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325011435258 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]